Ala-Maududi
(22:54) (He also does this) in order that those endowed with knowledge may know that it is theTruth from your Lord and that they may have faith in it and their hearts may humble themselvesbefore Him. Verily Allah always directs those that believe to the Right Way.[101]
101. That is, Allah lets Satan work such mischief to put to the test both the righteous and thewicked people. The people with a perverted mentality deduce wrong conclusions from these anddeviate from the right way, while those, who think on the right lines, realize that all thesethings are the mischief of Satan and that the message of the Prophet is based on the truth. Theyconclude that the very fact that Satan has been so much agitated and become active against it isa clear proof of its being the truth. It is very important to understand the real significanceof this passage (Surah Al-Hajj, ayat 52-54) for this has given rise to a grave misunderstanding.
If we consider it in the context in which it occurs, it becomes obvious that it was sent down torefute the wrong appraisal of the casual observers that the Prophet (peace be upon him) hadfailed to achieve his desired object. This was because he had striven for thirteen long years topersuade his people to accept his message but the apparent result was that he had not onlyfailed in this, but he and the small band of his followers had been forced to leave their homes.As this exile contradicted his claim that he was a Prophet of Allah and had His approval andsuccor with him, some people became skeptical about it. Moreover, they became doubtful about thetruth of the Quran, because they were not being visited by the scourge, which was inflicted onthose who treated the Prophet as false. His antagonists scoffed at him, saying: Where is thatsuccor of Allah and the scourge with which we were threatened? The answer to these doubts of thedisbelievers was given in the preceding passage, and in this passage the addressees were thosewho were influenced by this propaganda. Briefly the whole answer was to this effect.
It is not a new thing that the people of a Messenger have treated him as an impostor for it hasalways been happening like this. You can see from the remnants of those peoples who treatedtheir Messengers as impostors how they were punished for their mischief. You can learn a lessonfrom them, if you will. As regards to the delay in the coming of scourge, the Quran neverthreatened the disbelievers with immediate punishment, nor is it the job of the Messenger toinflict punishments. The scourge is sent by Allah, but He is not hasty in sending His torment.He gives respite to the people to mend their ways as He is giving you now. Therefore, you shouldnot be under any delusion that the threats of scourge are empty threats.
It is also not a new thing that the desires and wishes of a Prophet meet with obstacles or thatfalse propaganda is made against his message for the same has already happened with regard tothe messages of the former Prophets. But ultimately Allah eradicated the mischief worked bySatan and made the message successful. Therefore you should take a warning from the past historyof Satan’s mischief and its ultimate failure. You should note it well that the obstacles and themischief of Satan are a trial and means that help attract the righteous people towards Islam andwinnow the dishonest people away from it.
It is a pity that in spite of the above clear and simple meaning of the passage which fits inwell with the context, a grave misunderstanding has arisen because of a tradition which has notonly changed its meaning entirely and rendered it irrelevant in the context but has helped makedoubtful the very basic articles of the faith. Therefore we are making a critical appraisal ofthe tradition in order to show how to make the right use of traditions for the correctinterpretation of the Quran.
According to this tradition, the Prophet (peace be upon him) had a strong longing and desire tothis effect: I wish some revelations were sent down to tone down the abhorrence of the mushrikQuraish against Islam so as to bring them nearer to it, or at least the criticism against theircreed may not be so severe as to arouse their enmity.
While he was cherishing this desire, it so happened that one day when he was sitting in a biggathering of the Quraish, Surah An-Najm was revealed and he began to recite it. When he came to(Surah An-Najm, ayat 19-20): Have you everconsidered about this Lat and this Uzza, and a third (goddess) Manat, all of a sudden herecited, “These are exalted goddesses; indeed their intercession may be expected”. After this hecontinued to recite Surah An-Najm up to the last verse and then fell down in prostration and allthe Muslims and the mushriks of the Quraish also did the same, for the latter said: Now we haveno difference with Muhammad. We also profess that Allah is the Creator and the Provider and thatthese deities of ours are merely our intercessors with Him. After this, when in the eveningAngel Gabriel came, he said: What have you done? I did not bring these two sentences. At thisthe Prophet (peace be upon him) became very sad and Allah sent down (Surah Bani Israil, ayat 73-75): OMuhammad, these people have left no stone unturned to tempt you away from that which We haverevealed to you so that you might fabricate something in Our name. Had you done that, they wouldhave made you their friend. It was just possible that you might have inclined a little towardsthem, if We had not given you strength. But if you had done so, We would have made you tastedouble chastisement in this world as well as in the Hereafter, then you would have found nohelper against Us.
But in spite of this, he continued to be grieved till Allah sent down (Surah Al-Hajj, ayat 52) in whichAllah consoled him, saying that the same had been happening to the former Prophets.
Another thing that happened in the meantime was that the story reached the migrants to Habashthat there had been a reconciliation between the Prophet and the disbelievers of Makkah.Accordingly, many of them returned to Makkah only to learn that the news of reconciliation waswrong and the conflict between Islam and kufr was raging as furiously as before.
Now let us make a critical study of this story which has been cited by Ibn Jarir and many othercommentators and is even contained in many collections of traditions.
(1) None of its reporters, except Ibn Abbas, is a companion.
(2) There are many major discrepancies and variations in its details.
(3) The wording ascribed to the Prophet (peace be upon him) in praise of the idols in eachtradition is different from that of others.
Moreover, these words have been attributed to different sources according to differenttraditions: (a) These words were put in by Satan during the revelation and the Prophet (peace beupon him) imagined that they were revealed by Gabriel. (b) He himself uttered these wordsinadvertently, being urged by his own desire. (c) He was dozing when he uttered these words. (d)He intentionally uttered these words but in a manner as to question their veracity. (e) Sataninterpolated these words into the revelation, giving an impression that the Prophet (peace beupon him) himself had recited them. (f) It was one of the mushriks who had recited these words.
Yet scholars of tradition like Hafiz Ibn Hajar and jurists like Abu Bakr alJassas andrationalists like Zamakhshari and commentators like Ibn Jarir accept this story as true andconsider it as a commentary on (Surah Al-Hajj, ayat 52) of this Surah. Ibn Hajar argues like this:
“Even though the links by which this tradition has been related are either weak or broken, exceptin one case, the very fact that it has been related through so many links is a proof that thereis some truth about it. The one which has strong links is by Said bin Jubair who has related itfrom Ibn Abbas and the reporters of two more traditions (which have been cited by Tabari) havebeen declared authentic by Bukhari and Muslim.
On the other side, there are other eminent scholars who declare this story to be utterlybaseless. Ibn Kathir says: All the links of this tradition are unauthentic and I have found nocorrect version of this with continuous links. Baihaqi says: This story has not been proved tobe correct by the rules of reporting. When Ibn Khuzaimah was asked about it, he said: This storyhas been invented by heretics. Qazi Ayad says: The very fact that this tradition is neithercontained in any of the six authentic collections of Hadith nor has it been related in anauthentic way by authentic reporters shows its weakness. Besides them, Imam Razi, Qazi Abu BakrIbn al-Arabi, Alusi etc. have rejected it altogether.
It is a pity that even those who reject this story have not done full justice to their cases.There are some who reject it because its links are weak. In other words, they would haveaccepted it, if its links were strong. Then there are others who reject it because itsacceptance makes the whole faith doubtful. This kind of reasoning may satisfy the believers butit cannot satisfy those who are already skeptical or intend to make a research into it with aview to making a correct appraisal of Islam. They will rather say: When a story is related by aneminent companion and is contained in the collections of traditions, there is no reason why weshould reject it just because it makes your faith doubtful.
Now let us consider the story critically and rationally to prove that it is unacceptable.
(1) Its internal evidence proves it to be wrong: (a) According to the story the incident happenedafter the first migration to Habash, for according to it some of the migrants returned to Makkahafter hearing the story. Now the fact is that the migration took place in the month of Rajab ofthe fifth year of Prophethood and some of the migrants returned to Makkah three months later,i.e. in Shawwal of the same year. (b) (Surah Al-Isra, ayat 73-75) in which the Prophet (peace be upon him) was reproved for thisincident were revealed in the eleventh or twelfth year of Prophethood. In other words, he wasreproved by Allah five or six years after the incident. (c) This (Surah Al-Hajj, ayat 52) in which theinterpolation by Satan was abrogated was sent down in the first year of Hijrah, i.e. about twoyears after the reproof. Can a person in his senses believe that the Prophet (peace be upon him)was reproved for the interpolation after six years, and it was abrogated after nine years?
(2) According to the story, this interpolation was made in Surah An-Najm. When the Prophet wasreciting the words, “And a third (goddess) Manat”; he also recited the interpolated sentence,and then continued the recital up to the end of the Surah. It is said that the disbelievers ofMakkah were so pleased with the interpolation that they declared: The differences between us andMuhammad (peace be upon him) have now come to an end.
Let us now read (Surah An-Najm, ayat 19-23)along with the alleged interpolation (in italics): Have you ever considered about the reality ofthis Lat and Uzza and a third (goddess) Manat? These are exalted goddesses; indeed theirintercession may be expected. What, do you have sons for yourselves and daughters for Him(Allah)? This is indeed an unfair division. They are nothing but mere names which you and yourforefathers have invented. Allah has sent down no authority in regard to them. They follow onlyconjectures and the whims of their own minds, although right guidance has come from their Lord.
Even a casual reader will detect an obvious contradiction in the passage. Immediately afterpraising the goddesses there is a hard hit on their worshipers, as if to say: O foolish people!How is it that you have ascribed daughters to Allah and sons to yourselves? All this is your owninvention which has no authority from Allah. On the face of it, the interpolation makes thepassage absurd which cannot be assigned even to a rational person not to speak of Allah. Thenthe story presumes that all the Quraish who were listening to it must have lost their senses;otherwise they could not have declared that their differences with Muhammad (peace be upon him)had been made up from thence.
From this internal evidence it has become clear that this story is absurd and meaningless.
(3) Now let us consider whether the occasions, ascribed by the commentators to the revelation ofthe verses under discussion, fit in with the chronological order of the Quran. According to thestory, the interpolation in Surah An-Najm was made in the fifth year of Prophethood. The reproofwas made in (Surah Bani Israil, ayat 73-75) and then the interpolation was annulled and the incident explained in (Surah Al-Hajj, ayat 52-54). Now therecould be only two possibilities about the time of their revelation. Either the verses containingthe reproof and the abrogation were sent down in the period in which the interpolation tookplace, or the verse containing the reproof was sent down along with Surah Al-Hajj. In the firstcase, the question arises: Why were these verses (Surah Bani-Israil, 73-75) not inserted inSurah An-Najm? Why were they held in abeyance for six long years and then inserted in Surah BaniIsrail, when it was revealed, and (Surah Al-Hajj, ayat 52-54) (containing the abrogation) inserted in Surah Al-Hajj after afurther delay of more than two years? Does it mean that the verses were sent down on oneoccasion and inserted years later haphazardly in one Surah or the other? In the second case, thequestion would arise: Does it stand to reason that the verses containing the reproof (Surah Bani-Israil, ayat 73-75) were sentdown six years after the interpolation, and the verse of abrogation (Surah Al-Hajj, Ayat 52) nine yearsafter the incident? Still another question arises: What was the occasion of the revelation ofthe verses of reproof and abrogation in Surahs Surah Bani-Israil and Al-Hajj in the context inwhich they occur?
(4) Now let us turn to the third principle of correct appraisal of the Quran.
For a correct appreciation of the Quran it is essential to consider whether a particularcommentary fits in with the relevant context of the Quran or not. If we make even a cursorystudy of (Surah Bani Israil, ayat 71-73),it will become obvious that there was no occasion for the alleged reproof in (Surah Al-Hajj, ayat 73) and thatthere is no tinge of reproof in it, for the words of the verse refute the allegation that theProphet was taken in by the mischief of the disbelievers. Then in Surah Al-Hajj, if we make acritical study of the verses that precede (Surah Al-Hajj, ayat 52-54) and followthem, it will become obvious that there was no occasion to console the Prophet for theinterpolation and to annul it after nine years.
(5) We reiterate that no tradition, however strong links it might have, can be accepted when thetext itself is a clear evidence against it, and when it does not fit in with the wording, thecontext, the order etc. of the Quran. When the incident is considered in this background, even askeptical research scholar would be convinced that the tradition is absolutely wrong. As regardsto a believer, he can never accept it, when he knows that it contradicts not only one verse buta large number of other verses of the Quran. He would rather believe that the reporters of thetradition might have been deluded by Satan and not the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him). Hewould never believe that the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) could interpolate even a singleword in the Quran under the influence of a desire of his own: or that there could ever occursuch a desire in his mind that he should make a compromise with the disbelievers by associatingshirk with Tauhid: or that he could ever wish that Allah might not say anything to displease thedisbelievers: or that the revelation was made in such an unsafe and doubtful manner as to enableSatan to mix with it even a word in a manner as if it was also brought by Gabriel. Each of thesethings is contradictory to the clear revelation of the Quran and the basic articles of the faithwhich we have learned from the Quran and the Prophet (peace be upon him). God forbid that weshould accept any such tradition that might lead to the above mentioned presumptions justbecause the tradition seems to be authentic in every way.
It will be worth-while to consider the question: How is it that so many reporters of traditionshave related this story? Does it not show that there must have been some reality about it?Otherwise, so many reporters, who included many authentic and eminent scholars, could not havemade such an heinous slander against the Quran and the Prophet (peace be upon him). Its answeris contained in the authentic collections of traditions by Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, Nasai andMusnad Ahmad. The reality of the incident is this.
The Prophet (peace be upon him) recited Surah An-Najm and performed prostration at the end of it.At this, all the hearers, both the Muslims and the mushriks, fell down in prostration. This waswhat really happened and there is nothing strange about it. Let us depict the occasion: TheProphet (peace be upon him) was reciting a forceful piece of the eloquent Quran in a veryimpressive manner. Naturally the occasion produced an emotional effect and all the listenersinstinctively fell down in prostration along with him. It was because of such ecstasies producedby the Prophet’s (peace be upon him) recital of the Quran as this that the disbelievers dubbedhim a sorcerer. As regards the story that the Prophet (peace be upon him) praised the deities ofthe disbelievers, it appears that the Quraish concocted the story to hide their defeat. Probablysomeone or other of them explained away their defeat, saying: We ourselves heard Muhammadpraising our deities. Therefore we also fell down in prostration along with him. As regards tothe migrants to Habash, they returned to Makkah when they heard the concocted story that therehad been a compromise between the Prophet (peace be upon him) and the Quraish. It appears thatsome of those people who had seen the Muslims and the mushriks falling down together inprostration, presumed that peace had been made between them, so the story traveled to themigrants in Habash who had no means to verify it and thus thirty three of them returned toMakkah.
Naturally these three things, prostration by the Quraish, their explanation of it, and the returnof the migrants from Habash, combined to evolve that story. So much so that some authenticpeople were also deluded by it, for to err is human, and the pious and intelligent people are noexception to it. However, the error of the latter proves to be more harmful, because theircredulous followers accept with closed eyes their misconceptions along with their rightconclusions. On the other hand, mischief mongers collect all such errors of the righteous peopleand exploit them to prove that all the collections of traditions are false and should berejected forthwith.